Non Conventional Energy Resources (Omkar Nayak)

Introduction to non conventional energy resources:

With increasing demand for energy and with fast depleting conventional sources of energy such as coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. the non-conventional sources of energy such as energy from sun, wind, biomass, tidal energy, geothermal energy and even energy from waste material are gaining importance. This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and Eco-friendly. It can be more conveniently supplied to urban, rural and even remote areas. Thus it is capable of solving the twin problems of energy supply in a decentralized manner and helping in sustaining cleaner environment.

non conventional energy resources : Types of non conventional energy resources

The different types of non-conventional sources of energy:

1. Wind energy - Wind is another important source of non-conventional energy. The sun heats up the earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energy of winds can be used to run wind turbines to produce electricity.

2. Hydro power - Generation of electricity from hydro power sources is a low cost, environment friendly and renewable source of energy.

3. Solar energy - Sun is the source of all energy on the earth. It is the inexhaustible source of energy and zero emissions of greenhouse gas and air pollutants. Solar energy can be applied in many ways, including:

i. To generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells, space solar power satellite.

ii. To heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.

iii. To heat water for domestic consumption and heating using rooftop solar panels.

iv. To heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys.

4. Energy from wastes - Generation of waste is inevitable in many human activities. In nature, a balance is maintained as the waste generated by animals and human beings serve as nourishment for the plant life. This waste is processed and treated further to produce electricity.

5. Geothermal energy - It is the energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, usually from kilometers deep into the earth's crust. This energy is derived from the radioactive decay in the core of the earth, which heats the earth from the inside out.

6. Energy from bio gas - Bio gas is based upon the use of dung to produce gas which is used as domestic fuel especially in rural areas. This technique is based on the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of air to yield gas consisting of methane (55%) and carbon dioxide (45%) which can be used as a source of energy.

7. Tidal energy - It is the energy derived from the tides developed in the oceans and seas, which is used for generating power.

non conventional energy resources : Advantages of non conventional energy resources

They are inexhaustible source of energy.
They are pollution free. Therefore considered to be environment friendly.
They are very inexpensive.

Comprehend more on about Ohm's Law Formula and its Circumstances. Between, if you have problem on these topics heat equation Please share your views here by commenting.

Non Conventional Energy Resources (Omkar Nayak)

Introduction to non conventional energy resources:

With increasing demand for energy and with fast depleting conventional sources of energy such as coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. the non-conventional sources of energy such as energy from sun, wind, biomass, tidal energy, geothermal energy and even energy from waste material are gaining importance. This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and Eco-friendly. It can be more conveniently supplied to urban, rural and even remote areas. Thus it is capable of solving the twin problems of energy supply in a decentralized manner and helping in sustaining cleaner environment.

non conventional energy resources : Types of non conventional energy resources

The different types of non-conventional sources of energy:

1. Wind energy - Wind is another important source of non-conventional energy. The sun heats up the earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energy of winds can be used to run wind turbines to produce electricity.

2. Hydro power - Generation of electricity from hydro power sources is a low cost, environment friendly and renewable source of energy.

3. Solar energy - Sun is the source of all energy on the earth. It is the inexhaustible source of energy and zero emissions of greenhouse gas and air pollutants. Solar energy can be applied in many ways, including:

i. To generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells, space solar power satellite.

ii. To heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.

iii. To heat water for domestic consumption and heating using rooftop solar panels.

iv. To heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys.

4. Energy from wastes - Generation of waste is inevitable in many human activities. In nature, a balance is maintained as the waste generated by animals and human beings serve as nourishment for the plant life. This waste is processed and treated further to produce electricity.

5. Geothermal energy - It is the energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, usually from kilometers deep into the earth's crust. This energy is derived from the radioactive decay in the core of the earth, which heats the earth from the inside out.

6. Energy from bio gas - Bio gas is based upon the use of dung to produce gas which is used as domestic fuel especially in rural areas. This technique is based on the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of air to yield gas consisting of methane (55%) and carbon dioxide (45%) which can be used as a source of energy.

7. Tidal energy - It is the energy derived from the tides developed in the oceans and seas, which is used for generating power.

non conventional energy resources : Advantages of non conventional energy resources

They are inexhaustible source of energy.
They are pollution free. Therefore considered to be environment friendly.
They are very inexpensive.

Comprehend more on about Ohm's Law Formula and its Circumstances. Between, if you have problem on these topics heat equation Please share your views here by commenting.

Hydroelectric Energy Production (Omkar Nayak)

Hydroelectric energy production

What is Hydro electricity?

Hydro electrical energy is the term referring to electricity generated by hydro power; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

History of hydro electricity :

History of hydro electricity Hydro power has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform others tasks. In the mid-1770s, a French engineer Bernard Forest de Belabor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. In the late 1800s, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well. In 1878, the world's first house to be powered with hydroelectricity was Cragside in Norththumberland England. The old Schoelkopf power station No 1 near Niagara falls in the U.S. side began to produce electricity in 1881.

Methods to generate Hydro electricity :

Methods to generate Hydro electricity There are four methods to generate Hydro electricity :- Tide Pumped-storage Run-of-the-river Conventional

Conventional method :

Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dam water driving water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To deliver water to a turbine while maintaining pressure arising from the head, a large pipe called a penstock may be used . Conventional method

hydroelectric energy production-Advantages and disadvantages

Pumped storage method :

Pumped storage method This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped-storage schemes currently provide the most commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily capacity factor of the generation system.

Tide method :

Tide method A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatched to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.

How to calculate the amount of available power :

How to calculate the amount of available power A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is :- P= ?hrgk where P is Power in watts, ? is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3), h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2 k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.

Advantages :

The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil , natural gas or coal and no imports are needed. Since hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce carbon dioxide. A hydroelectric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. Advantages

Disadvantages :

Disadvantages Hydroelectric power stations that uses dams would submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. Changes in the amount of river flow will correlate with the amount of energy produced by a dam. Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment. Large reservoirs required for the operation of hydroelectric power stations result in submersion of extensive areas upstream of the dams, destroying biologically rich and productive lowland and valley forests, marshland and grasslands.

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Energy Wavelength Relationship (Math Help)

Unit Analysis

Sometimes you want to express a measurement in different units. For example, when talking about how far away something is, sometimes it may be useful to say it is a certain DISTANCE (New York is 300 miles from here), and sometimes it is more useful to use TIME to express how far away it is (New York is a 6 hour drive from here). Of course miles are not equal to hours, so there must be some way to convert from one to the other. In this case, the conversion is speed: if a car drives an average of 50 miles/hour, then it can drive 300 miles in 6 hours. For this constant speed, 300 miles equals 6 hours.

Problem

1. If you walk at a speed of four miles an hour, and your friend lives two miles away, how far away is her house

a. in miles
b. in minutes, if you are walking
c. in minutes, if you are driving at an average speed of 25 miles an hour

In much the same way, different units can be used to characterize light. We can refer to light by its wavelength, its frequency, or its energy. This is similar to talking about distance in units of miles or hours.

I. Wavelength --> Frequency

Light waves travel at a constant speed. Because of this there is a one to one relationship between light's wavelength and its frequency. If waves are short, there must be more of them in a set amount of time to travel the same distance in that time (the same speed).

Problems

2. The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second. What is the frequency of light that has a wavelength of three feet? two inches? 1/1,000,000 inches? one mile?

3. What is the wavelength of the radio waves of your favorite radio station? (HINT: the frequency of radio stations is equal to the station number times 1,000,000 Hz. So WAMU - National Public Radio - at FM 88.5 - is 88,500,000 Hz. Now, use the fact that the wavelength is equal to the speed of light, a constant, divided by frequency.)

In 1900, Planck discovered that there was a direct relationship between a photon's frequency and its energy:

E = h nu

The higher the frequency of light, the higher its energy. We know from the problems above that higher frequencies mean shorter wavelengths. We can also say that E = h c / lambda. High frequency light has short wavelengths and high energy. X-rays or gamma-rays are examples of this. Radio waves are examples of light with a long wavelength, low frequency, and low energy.

In much the same way, the gallons of gas you put in your car and the cost of the gas are proportional: the same value multiplied by a constant (the price of a gallon of gas). If you know the constant (the price per gallon) and you know the number of gallons, you can calculate how much the gas costs. Or, if you know how much the gas cost, you can calculate how much gas was bought.

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